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heir thoughts to what they mean to do； instead of to what they are likely to suffer。 Do that； and their spirits will soon revive wonderfully。 You know； I need hardly remind you； it is not numbers or strength that gives victory in war； but； heaven helping them； to one or other of two combatants it is 42 given to dash with stouter hearts to meet the foe； and such onset； in nine cases out of ten； those others refuse to meet。 This observation； also； I have laid to heart； that they； who in matters of war seek in all ways to save their lives； are just they who； as a rule； die dishonourably； whereas they who； recognising that death is the common lot and destiny of all men； strive hard to die nobly： these more frequently； as I observe； do after all attain to old age； or； at any rate； while life lasts； they spend their days more happily。 This lesson let all lay to heart this day； for we are just at such a crisis of our fate。 Now is the season to be brave ourselves； and to stimulate the rest by our example。〃
With these words he ceased； and after him； Cheirisophus said： 〃Xenophon； hitherto I knew only so much of you as that you were； I heard； an Athenian； but now I must commend you for your words and for your conduct。 I hope that there may be many more like you； for it would prove a public blessing。〃 Then turning to the officers： 〃And now；〃 said he； 〃let us waste no time； retire at once； I beg you； and choose leaders where you need them。 After you have made your elections； come back to the middle of the camp； and bring the newly appointed officers。 After that； we will there summon a general meeting of the soldiers。 Let Tolmides； the herald；〃 he added； 〃be in attendance。〃 With these words on his lips he got up； in order that what was needful might be done at once without delay。 After this the generals were chosen。 These were Timasion the Dardanian； in place of Clearchus； Xanthicles； an Achaean； in place of Socrates； Cleanor； an Arcadian； in place of Agias； Philesius； an Achaean； in place of Menon； and in place of Proxenus； Xenophon the Athenian。
II
By the time the new generals had been chosen； the first faint glimmer 1 of dawn had hardly commenced； as they met in the centre of the camp； and resolved to post an advance guard and to call a general meeting of the soldiers。 Now； when these had come together； Cheirisophus the Lacedaemonian first rose and spoke as follows： 〃Fellow…soldiers； the present posture of affairs is not pleasant； seeing that we are robbed of so many generals and captains and soldiers； and more than that； our 2 former allies； Ariaeus and his men； have betrayed us； still； we must rise above our circumstances to prove ourselves brave men； and not give in； but try to save ourselves by glorious victory if we can； or； if not； at least to die gloriously； and never； while we have breath in our bodies； fall into the hands of our enemies。 In which latter case； I fear； we shall suffer things； which I pray the gods may visit rather upon those we hate。〃
At this point Cleanor the Ochomenian stood up and spoke as follows： 〃You see； men； the perjury and the impiety of the king。 You see the faithlessness of Tissaphernes； professing that he was next…door neighbour to Hellas； and would give a good deal to save us； in confirmation of which he took an oath to us himself； he gave us the pledge of his right hand； and then； with a lie upon his lips； this same man turned round and arrested our generals。 He had no reverence even for Zeus； the god of strangers； but； after entertaining Clearchus at his own board as a friend； he used his hospitality to delude and decoy his victims。 And Ariaeus； whom we offered to make king； with whom we exchanged pledges not to betray each other； even this man； without a particle of fear of the gods； or respect for Cyrus in his grave； though he was most honoured by Cyrus in lifetime； even he has turned aside to the worst foes of Cyrus； and is doing his best to injure the dead man's friends。 Them may the gods requite as they deserve！ But we； with these things before our eyes； will not any more be cheated and cajoled by them； we will make the best fight we can； and having made it； whatever the gods think fit to send； we will accept。〃
After him Xenophon arose； he was arrayed for war in his bravest apparel＇1＇： 〃For；〃 said he to himself； 〃if the gods grant victory； the finest attire will match with victory best； or if I must needs die； then for one who has aspired to the noblest； it is well there should be some outward correspondence between his expectation and his end。〃 He began his speech as follows： 〃Cleanor has spoken of the perjury and 8 faithlessness of the barbarians； and you yourselves know them only too well； I fancy。 If then we are minded to enter a second time into terms of friendship with them； with the experience of what our generals； who in all confidence entrusted themselves to their power； have suffered； reason would we should feel deep despondency。 If； on the other hand； we purpose to take our good swords in our hands and to inflict punishment on them for what they have done； and from this time forward will be on terms of downright war with them； then； God helping； we have many a bright hope of safety。〃 The words were scarcely spoken when someone sneezed＇2＇； and with one impulse the soldiers bowed in worship； and Xenophon proceeded： 〃I propose； sirs； since； even as we spoke of safety； an omen from Zeus the Saviour has appeared； we vow a vow to sacrifice to the Saviour thank…offerings for safe deliverance； wheresoever first we reach a friendly country； and let us couple with that vow another of individual assent； that we will offer to the rest of the gods 'according to our ability。' Let all those who are in favour of this proposal hold up their hands。〃 They all held up their hands； and there and then they vowed a vow and chanted the battle hymn。 But as soon as these sacred matters were duly ended； he began once more thus： 〃I was saying that many and bright are the hopes we have of safety。 First of all； we it is who confirm and ratify the oaths we take by heaven； but our enemies have taken false oaths and broken the truce； contrary to their solemn word。 This being so； it is but natural that the gods should be opposed to our enemies； but with ourselves allied； the gods； who are able to make the great ones quickly small； and out of sore perplexity can save the little ones with ease； what time it pleases them。 In the next place； let me recall to your minds the dangers of our own forefathers； that you may see and 11 know that bravery is your heirloom； and that by the aid of the gods brave men are rescued even out of the midst of sorest straits。 So was it when the Persians came； and their attendant hosts＇3＇； with a very great armament； to wipe out Athens from the face of the earththe men of Athens had the heart to withstand them and conquered them。 Then they vowed to Artemis that for every man they slew of the enemy； they would sacrifice to the goddess goats so many； and when they could not find sufficient for the slain； they resolved to offer yearly five hundred； and to this day they perform that sacrifice。 And at a somewhat later date； when Xerxes assembled his countless hosts and m