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travels through france and italy-第116章

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SPALDING; WILLIAM。 Italy and the Italian Islands。 3 vols。 London;  1841。

STAEL; MME。 DE。 Corinne; ou l'Italie。 1807。

STARKE; MARIANA。 Letters from Italy; 1792…1798。 9 vols。 1800。  Travels on the Continent for the use of Travellers。 1800; 1820;  1824; etc。

STENDHAL。 Rome; Naples; and Florence; in 1817。 London; 1818。

STERNE; LAURENCE。 A Sentimental Journey through France and Italy。  By Mr。 Yorick。 2 vols。 London; 1768。

STOLBERZ; COUNT F。 L。 ZU。 Travels through Germany; Switzerland;  Italy; etc。 Translated by Thomas Holcroft。 1796。

TAINE; HENRI。 Voyage en Italie。 1866。

TALBOT; SIR R。 Letters on the French Nation。 London; 2 vols。1771;  12mo。

TEYSSEIRE; T。 Monographie sur le climat de Nice。 1881。

THICKNESSE; PHILIP。 Useful Hints to those who make the Tour of  France in a Series of Letters。 London; 1768。 A year's Journey  through France; etc。 2; vols。 1777。

TISSERAND; E。 Chronique de Provence 。 。 。 de la cite de Nice;  etc。 2 vols。 Nice; 1862。

TWINING FAMILY PAPERS。 London; 1887。

VIOLLET; PAUL。 Hist。 des Instit。 polit。 et administratifs de la  France。 2 vols。 Paris; 1890…98。

WHATLEY; STEPHEN。 The Travels and Adventures of J。 Massey。  Translated from the French。 1743。

WILLIAMS; C。 THEODORE。 The Climate of the South of France。 1869。

WINCKELMANN; J。 J。 Lettres familieres。 Amsterdam; 1781。  Reflections on the Painting and Sculpture of the Greeks。  Translated by H。 Fuseli。 London; 1765。 Voyage en Italie de J。 J。  Barthelemy 。 。 。 avec des morceaux inedits de Winckelmann。 1801。

YOUNG; ARTHUR。 Travels in France during 1787; 1788; 1789; edited  by M。 Betham…Edwards。 1889。

YOUNG; EDWARD。 Sa vie et ses oeuvres; par W。 Thomas。 Paris;  1901。

APPENDIX B

Short Notes on one or two unfamiliar Words which Smollett helped  to domesticate in England。

Berline。 Swift and Chesterfield both use this for a heavy coach。  The most famous berline was that used in the flight to Varennes。  The name came from Brandenburg in the time of Frederick William。

Bize。 Smollett's spelling of bisethe cutting N。N。E。 wind which  makes Geneva so beautiful; but intolerable in the winter。

Brasiere=brasero。 A tray for hot charcoal used for warming rooms  at Nice。 Smollett practically introduced this word。 Dried olives  were often used as fuel。

Calesse; calash; caleche。 A low two…wheeled carriage of light  construction; with a movable folding hood; hence applied to a  hood bonnet as in Mrs。 Gaskell's Cranford。

Cassine。 Latin casa; cassa; cassina; the Italian cassina; A small  detached house in the fields; often whitewashed and of mean  appearance。 Smollett uses the word as an equivalent for summer  cottage。 Cf。 bastide as used by Dumas。 Cabane has practically  replaced cassine in modern French。 See Letter XXIV。

Cambiatura。 The system of changing chaises every post; common in  England; but unusual abroad except in Tuscany。

Cicisbeo。 The word is used by Lady Mary Montagu in her Letters  (17I8) as cecisbeo。 Smollett's best account is in Letter XVII。  See Introduction; p。 xliii。

Conversazione。 Gray uses the word for assembly in 1710; but  Smollett; I believe; is about the first Englishman to define it  properly。

Corinth。 This was still used as a variant of currant; though  adherence to it was probably rather pedantic on Smollett's part  (cf。 his use of 〃hough〃 for hoe)。 Boswell uses the modern form。

Corridore。 This word was used by Evelyn; and the correct modern  spelling given by Johnson in 1753; but Smollett as often adheres  to the old form。

Douche。 Italian doccia。 Smollett is perhaps the first writer to  explain the word and assign to it the now familiar French form  (Letter XL)。

Feluca。 An Arab word to denote a coasting boat; oar or sail  propelled。 Nelson and Marryat write felucca。 It was large enough  to accommodate a post…chaise (Letter XXV)。

Gabelle。 Supposed to be derived from the Arabic kabala; the  irksome tax on salt; from which few provinces in France were  altogether free; swept away in 1790。 Smollett describes the  exaction in San Remo。

Garum。 Used by Smollett for the rich fish sauce of the ancients;  equivalent to a saumure; perhaps; in modern French cookery。 In  the Middle Ages the word is used both for a condiment and a  beverage。

Improvisatore。 A performer in the Commedia delle Arte; of which  Smollett gives a brief admiring account in his description of  Florence (Letter XXVII)。 For details of the various elements; the  doti; generici; lazzi; etc。; see Carlo Gozzi。

Liqueur。 First used by Pope。 〃An affected; contemptible  expression〃 (Johnson)。

Macaroni。 〃The paste called macaroni〃 (Letter XXVI) was seen by  Smollett in the neighbourhood of its origin near Genoa; which  city formed the chief market。

Maestral。 An old form of mistral; the very dry wind from the  N。N。W。; described by Smollett as the coldest he ever experienced。

Patois。 See Letter XXII。 ad fin。

Pietre commesse。 A sort of inlaying with stones; analogous to the  fineering of cabinets in wood (Letter XXVIII)。 Used by Evelyn in  1644。

Polenta。 A meal ground from maize; which makes a good 〃pectoral〃  (Letter XXII)。

Pomi carli。 The most agreeable apples Smollett tasted; stated to  come from the marquisate of Final; sold by the Emperor Charles  VI。 to the Genoese。

Preniac。 A small white wine; mentioned in Letter IV。; from  Boulogne; as agreeable and very cheap。

Seafarot boots。 Jack…boots or wading boots; worn by a Marquis of  Savoy; and removed by means of a tug…of…war team and a rope  coiled round the heel (see Letter XXVIII)。

Sporcherie。 With respect to delicacy and decorum you may peruse  Dean Swift's description of the Yahoos; and then you will have  some idea of the sporcherie that distinguishes the gallantry of  Nice (Letter XVII)。 Ital。 sporcheria; sporcizia。

Strappado or corda。 Performed by hoisting the criminal by his  hands tied behind his back and dropping him suddenly 〃with  incredible pain〃 (Letter XX)。 See Introduction; p。 xliv; and  Christie; Etienne Dolet; 1899; P。 231。

Tartane。 From Italian tartana; Arabic taridha; a similar word  being used in Valencia and Grand Canary for a two…wheeled open  cart。 One of the commonest craft on the Mediterranean (cf。 the  topo of the Adriatic)。 For different types see Larousse's Nouveau  Dictionnaire。

Tip。 To 〃tip the wink〃 is found in Addison's Tatler (No。 86); but  〃to tip〃 in the sense of to gratify is not common before  Smollett; who uses it more than once or twice in this sense (cf。  Roderick Random; chap。 xiv。 ad fin。)

Valanches。 For avalanches (dangers from to travellers; see Letter  XXXVIII)。

Villeggiatura。 An early adaptation by Smollett of the Italian  word for country retirement (Letter XXIX)。


APPENDIX C

Currency of Savoy in the time of Smollett。

Ten bajocci=one paolo (6d。)。  Ten paoli=one scudo (six livres or about 5s。)。  Two scudi=one zequin。  Two zequin=one louid'or。

Afterword。 …I should be ungrateful were I not to create an  epilogue for the express purpose of thanking M。 Morel; H。 S  Spencer  Scott; Dr。 Norman Moore; W。 P。 Courtney; G。 Whale; D。 S。  MacColl; Walter Sichel (there may be others); who have supplied  hints for my annotations; and I should like further; if one might  inscr
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