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ethe dread of shamethe contempt of danger。 It would be most interesting to examine the manner in which the admixture of the savage conquerors and the effeminate slaves； after many generations of darkness and agitation； produced the modern European character；to trace back； from the first conflict to the final amalgamation； the operation of that mysterious alchemy which； from hostile and worthless elements； has extracted the pure gold of human nature to analyse the mass； and to determine the proportion in which the ingredients are mingled。 But I will confine myself to the subject to which I have more particularly referred。 The nature of the passion of love had undergone a complete change。 It still retained； indeed； the fanciful and voluptuous character which it had possessed among the southern nations of antiquity。 But it was tinged with the superstitious veneration with which the northern warriors had been accustomed to regard women。 Devotion and war had imparted to it their most solemn and animating feelings。 It was sanctified by the blessings of the Church； and decorated with the wreaths of the tournament。 Venus； as in the ancient fable； was again rising above the dark and tempestuous waves which had so long covered her beauty。 But she rose not now； as of old； in exposed and luxurious loveliness。 She still wore the cestus of her ancient witchcraft； but the diadem of Juno was on her brow； and the aegis of Pallas in her hand。 Love might； in fact； be called a new passion； and it is not astonishing that the first poet of eminence who wholly devoted his genius to this theme should have excited an extraordinary sensation。 He may be compared to an adventurer who accidentally lands in a rich and unknown island； and who； though he may only set up an ill…shaped cross upon the shore； acquires possession of its treasures； and gives it his name。 The claim of Petrarch was indeed somewhat like that of Amerigo Vespucci to the continent which should have derived its appellation from Columbus。 The Provencal poets were unquestionably the masters of the Florentine。 But they wrote in an age which could not appreciate their merits； and their imitator lived at the very period when composition in the vernacular language began to attract general attention。 Petrarch was in literature what a Valentine is in love。 The public preferred him； not because his merits were of a transcendent order； but because he was the first person whom they saw after they awoke from their long sleep。
Nor did Petrarch gain less by comparison with his immediate successors than with those who had preceded him。 Till more than a century after his death Italy produced no poet who could be compared to him。 This decay of genius is doubtless to be ascribed； in a great measure； to the influence which his own works had exercised upon the literature of his country。 Yet it has conduced much to his fame。 Nothing is more favourable to the reputation of a writer than to be succeeded by a race inferior to himself； and it is an advantage； from obvious causes； much more frequently enjoyed by those who corrupt the national taste than by those who improve it。
Another cause has co…operated with those which I have mentioned to spread the renown of Petrarch。 I mean the interest which is inspired by the events of his lifean interest which must have been strongly felt by his contemporaries； since； after an interval of five hundred years； no critic can be wholly exempt from its influence。 Among the great men to whom we owe the resuscitation of science he deserves the foremost place； and his enthusiastic attachment to this great cause constitutes his most just and splendid title to the gratitude of posterity。 He was the votary of literature。 He loved it with a perfect love。 He worshipped it with an almost fanatical devotion。 He was the missionary； who proclaimed its discoveries to distant countries the pilgrim； who travelled far and wide to collect its reliques the hermit； who retired to seclusion to meditate on its beauties… …the champion； who fought its battlesthe conqueror； who； in more than a metaphorical sense； led barbarism and ignorance in triumph； and received in the Capitol the laurel which his magnificent victory had earned。
Nothing can be conceived more noble or affecting than that ceremony。 The superb palaces and porticoes； by which had rolled the ivory chariots of Marius and Caesar； had long mouldered into dust。 The laurelled fascesthe golden eaglesthe shouting legionsthe captives and the pictured citieswere indeed wanting to his victorious procession。 The sceptre had passed away from Rome。 But she still retained the mightier influence of an intellectual empire； and was now to confer the prouder reward of an intellectual triumph。 To the man who had extended the dominion of her ancient languagewho had erected the trophies of philosophy and imagination in the haunts of ignorance and ferocitywhose captives were the hearts of admiring nations enchained by the influence of his songwhose spoils were the treasures of ancient genius rescued from obscurity and decaythe Eternal City offered the just and glorious tribute of her gratitude。 Amidst the ruined monuments of ancient and the infant erections of modern art； he who had restored the broken link between the two ages of human civilisation was crowned with the wreath which he had deserved from the moderns who owed to him their refinementfrom the ancients who owed to him their fame。 Never was a coronation so august witnessed by Westminster or by Rheims。
When we turn from this glorious spectacle to the private chamber of the poet；when we contemplate the struggle of passion and virtue；the eye dimmed； the cheek furrowed； by the tears of sinful and hopeless desire；when we reflect on the whole history of his attachment； from the gay fantasy of his youth to the lingering despair of his age； pity and affection mingle with our admiration。 Even after death had placed the last seal on his misery； we see him devoting to the cause of the human mind all the strength and energy which love and sorrow had spared。 He lived the apostle of literature；he fell its martyr：he was found dead with his head reclined on a book。
Those who have studied the life and writings of Petrarch with attention； will perhaps be inclined to make some deductions from this panegyric。 It cannot be denied that his merits were disfigured by a most unpleasant affectation。 His zeal for literature communicated a tinge of pedantry to all his feelings and opinions。 His love was the love of a sonnetteer：his patriotism was the patriotism of an antiquarian。 The interest with which we contemplate the works； and study the history； of those who； in former ages； have occupied our country； arises from the associations which connect them with the community in which are comprised all the objects of our affection and our hope。 In the mind of Petrarch these feelings were reversed。 He loved Italy； because it abounded with the monuments of the ancient masters of the world。 His native citythe fair and glorious Florencethe modern Athens； then in all the bloom and strength of its youth； could not obtain； from the most distinguished of its citizens； any portion