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to God； and precepts for the conduct of human life。 It is true； our history hath been written since Artaxerxes very particularly； but hath not been esteemed of the like authority with the former by our forefathers； because there hath not been an exact succession of prophets since that time； and how firmly we have given credit to these books of our own nation is evident by what we do； for during so many ages as have already passed； no one has been so bold as either to add any thing to them； to take any thing from them； or to make any change in them； but it is become natural to all Jews immediately； and from their very birth； to esteem these books to contain Divine doctrines； and to persist in them； and； if occasion be willingly to die for them。 For it is no new thing for our captives； many of them in number； and frequently in time； to be seen to endure racks and deaths of all kinds upon the theatres； that they may not be obliged to say one word against our laws and the records that contain them； whereas there are none at all among the Greeks who would undergo the least harm on that account； no； nor in case all the writings that are among them were to be destroyed； for they take them to be such discourses as are framed agreeably to the inclinations of those that write them； and they have justly the same opinion of the ancient writers； since they see some of the present generation bold enough to write about such affairs； wherein they were not present； nor had concern enough to inform themselves about them from those that knew them； examples of which may be had in this late war of ours； where some persons have written histories； and published them； without having been in the places concerned； or having been near them when the actions were done； but these men put a few things together by hearsay； and insolently abuse the world； and call these writings by the name of Histories。
9。 As for myself； I have composed a true history of that whole war； and of all the particulars that occurred therein； as having been concerned in all its transactions； for I acted as general of those among us that are named Galileans； as long as it was possible for us to make any opposition。 I was then seized on by the Romans； and became a captive。 Vespasian also and Titus had me kept under a guard； and forced me to attend them continually。 At the first I was put into bonds； but was set at liberty afterward； and sent to accompany Titus when he came from Alexandria to the siege of Jerusalem； during which time there was nothing done which escaped my knowledge； for what happened in the Roman camp I saw； and wrote down carefully； and what informations the deserters brought ＇out of the city＇； I was the only man that understood them。 Afterward I got leisure at Rome； and when all my materials were prepared for that work； I made use of some persons to assist me in learning the Greek tongue； and by these means I composed the history of those transactions。 And I was so well assured of the truth of what I related； that I first of all appealed to those that had the supreme command in that war； Vespasian and Titus； as witnesses for me； for to them I presented those books first of all； and after them to many of the Romans who had been in the war。 I also sold them to many of our own men who understood the Greek philosophy； among whom were Julius Archelaus； Herod ＇king of Chalcis＇； a person of great gravity； and king Agrippa himself； a person that deserved the greatest admiration。 Now all these men bore their testimony to me； that I had the strictest regard to truth； who yet would not have dissembled the matter； nor been silent； if I； out of ignorance； or out of favor to any side； either had given false colors to actions； or omitted any of them。
10。 There have been indeed some bad men； who have attempted to calumniate my history； and took it to be a kind of scholastic performance for the exercise of young men。 A strange sort of accusation and calumny this！ since every one that undertakes to deliver the history of actions truly ought to know them accurately himself in the first place； as either having been concerned in them himself； or been informed of them by such as knew them。 Now both these methods of knowledge I may very properly pretend to in the composition of both my works； for； as I said； I have translated the Antiquities out of our sacred books； which I easily could do； since I was a priest by my birth； and have studied that philosophy which is contained in those writings： and for the History of the War； I wrote it as having been an actor myself in many of its transactions； an eye…witness in the greatest part of the rest； and was not unacquainted with any thing whatsoever that was either said or done in it。 How impudent then must those deserve to be esteemed that undertake to contradict me about the true state of those affairs！ who； although they pretend to have made use of both the emperors' own memoirs； yet could not they he acquainted with our affairs who fought against them。
11。 This digression I have been obliged to make out of necessity； as being desirous to expose the vanity of those that profess to write histories； and I suppose I have sufficiently declared that this custom of transmitting down the histories of ancient times hath been better preserved by those nations which are called Barbarians； than by the Greeks themselves。 I am now willing； in the next place； to say a few things to those that endeavor to prove that our constitution is but of late time； for this reason； as they pretend； that the Greek writers have said nothing about us； after which I shall produce testimonies for our antiquity out of the writings of foreigners； I shall also demonstrate that such as cast reproaches upon our nation do it very unjustly。
12。 As for ourselves； therefore； we neither inhabit a maritime country； nor do we delight in merchandise； nor in such a mixture with other men as arises from it； but the cities we dwell in are remote from the sea； and having a fruitful country for our habitation； we take pains in cultivating that only。 Our principal care of all is this； to educate our children well； and we think it to be the most necessary business of our whole life to observe the laws that have been given us； and to keep those rules of piety that have been delivered down to us。 Since； therefore； besides what we have already taken notice of； we have had a peculiar way of living of our own； there was no occasion offered us in ancient ages for intermixing among the Greeks； as they had for mixing among the Egyptians； by their intercourse of exporting and importing their several goods； as they also mixed with the Phoenicians； who lived by the sea…side； by means of their love of lucre in trade and merchandise。 Nor did our forefathers betake themselves； as did some others； to robbery； nor did they； in order to gain more wealth； fall into foreign wars； although our country contained many ten thousands of men of courage sufficient for that purpose。 For this reason it was that the Phoenicians themselves came soon by trading and navigation to be known to the Grecians； and by their means the Egyptians became known to the Grecians also； as did all those people whence the Phoenici