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Chien； but this is a mistake； for we read in both the old and the
New T‘ang History （ch。 58； fol。 2 and ch。 89； fol。 8
respectively） that he escaped and lived on until 656。 Li I…chi
played a somewhat similar part in 203 B。C。； when sent by the King
of Han to open peaceful negotiations with Ch‘i。 He has certainly
more claim to be described a 〃doomed spy〃； for the king of Ch‘i；
being subsequently attacked without warning by Han Hsin； and
infuriated by what he considered the treachery of Li I…chi；
ordered the unfortunate envoy to be boiled alive。＇
13。 SURVIVING SPIES； finally； are those who bring back news
from the enemy's camp。
＇This is the ordinary class of spies； properly so called；
forming a regular part of the army。 Tu Mu says： 〃Your surviving
spy must be a man of keen intellect； though in outward appearance
a fool； of shabby exterior； but with a will of iron。 He must be
active； robust； endowed with physical strength and courage；
thoroughly accustomed to all sorts of dirty work； able to endure
hunger and cold； and to put up with shame and ignominy。〃 Ho Shih
tells the following story of Ta‘hsi Wu of the Sui dynasty： 〃When
he was governor of Eastern Ch‘in； Shen…wu of Ch‘i made a hostile
movement upon Sha…yuan。 The Emperor T‘ai Tsu ＇？ Kao Tsu＇ sent
Ta…hsi Wu to spy upon the enemy。 He was accompanied by two other
men。 All three were on horseback and wore the enemy's uniform。
When it was dark； they dismounted a few hundred feet away from
the enemy's camp and stealthily crept up to listen； until they
succeeded in catching the passwords used in the army。 Then they
got on their horses again and boldly passed through the camp
under the guise of night…watchmen； and more than once； happening
to come across a soldier who was committing some breach of
discipline； they actually stopped to give the culprit a sound
cudgeling！ Thus they managed to return with the fullest possible
information about the enemy's dispositions； and received warm
commendation from the Emperor； who in consequence of their report
was able to inflict a severe defeat on his adversary。〃＇
14。 Hence it is that which none in the whole army are more
intimate relations to be maintained than with spies。
＇Tu Mu and Mei Yao…ch‘en point out that the spy is
privileged to enter even the general's private sleeping…tent。＇
None should be more liberally rewarded。 In no other business
should greater secrecy be preserved。
＇Tu Mu gives a graphic touch： all communication with spies
should be carried 〃mouth…to…ear。〃 The following remarks on spies
may be quoted from Turenne； who made perhaps larger use of them
than any previous commander： 〃Spies are attached to those who
give them most； he who pays them ill is never served。 They
should never be known to anybody； nor should they know one
another。 When they propose anything very material； secure their
persons； or have in your possession their wives and children as
hostages for their fidelity。 Never communicate anything to them
but what is absolutely necessary that they should know。 ＇2＇ ＇
15。 Spies cannot be usefully employed without a certain
intuitive sagacity。
＇Mei Yao…ch‘en says： 〃In order to use them； one must know
fact from falsehood； and be able to discriminate between honesty
and double…dealing。〃 Wang Hsi in a different interpretation
thinks more along the lines of 〃intuitive perception〃 and
〃practical intelligence。〃 Tu Mu strangely refers these
attributes to the spies themselves： 〃Before using spies we must
assure ourselves as to their integrity of character and the
extent of their experience and skill。〃 But he continues： 〃A
brazen face and a crafty disposition are more dangerous than
mountains or rivers； it takes a man of genius to penetrate such。〃
So that we are left in some doubt as to his real opinion on the
passage。〃＇
16。 They cannot be properly managed without benevolence and
straightforwardness。
＇Chang Yu says： 〃When you have attracted them by
substantial offers； you must treat them with absolute sincerity；
then they will work for you with all their might。〃＇
17。 Without subtle ingenuity of mind； one cannot make
certain of the truth of their reports。
＇Mei Yao…ch‘en says： 〃Be on your guard against the
possibility of spies going over to the service of the enemy。〃＇
18。 Be subtle！ be subtle！ and use your spies for every kind
of business。
＇Cf。 VI。 ss。 9。＇
19。 If a secret piece of news is divulged by a spy before
the time is ripe； he must be put to death together with the man
to whom the secret was told。
＇Word for word； the translation here is： 〃If spy matters
are heard before ＇our plans＇ are carried out；〃 etc。 Sun Tzu's
main point in this passage is： Whereas you kill the spy himself
〃as a punishment for letting out the secret；〃 the object of
killing the other man is only； as Ch‘en Hao puts it； 〃to stop his
mouth〃 and prevent news leaking any further。 If it had already
been repeated to others； this object would not be gained。 Either
way； Sun Tzu lays himself open to the charge of inhumanity；
though Tu Mu tries to defend him by saying that the man deserves
to be put to death； for the spy would certainly not have told the
secret unless the other had been at pains to worm it out of
him。〃＇
20。 Whether the object be to crush an army； to storm a
city； or to assassinate an individual； it is always necessary to
begin by finding out the names of the attendants； the aides…de…
camp；
＇Literally 〃visitors〃； is equivalent； as Tu Yu says； to
〃those whose duty it is to keep the general supplied with
information；〃 which naturally necessitates frequent interviews
with him。＇
and door…keepers and sentries of the general in command。 Our
spies must be commissioned to ascertain these。
＇As the first step； no doubt towards finding out if any of
these important functionaries can be won over by bribery。＇
21。 The enemy's spies who have come to spy on us must be
sought out； tempted with bribes； led away and comfortably housed。
Thus they will become converted spies and available for our
service。
22。 It is through the information brought by the converted
spy that we are able to acquire and employ local and inward
spies。
＇Tu Yu says： 〃through conversion of the enemy's spies we
learn the enemy's condition。〃 And Chang Yu says： 〃We must tempt
the converted spy into our service； because it is he that knows
which of the local inhabitants are greedy of gain； and which of
the officials are open to corruption。〃＇
23。 It is owing to his information； again； that we can
cause the doomed spy to carry false tidings to the enemy。
＇Chang Yu say