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Confucius himself having violated an extorted oath； ＇72＇ and
also of his having left the Sung State in disguise。 ＇73＇ Can
we then recklessly arraign Sun Tzu for disregarding truth and
honesty？
Bibliography
The following are the oldest Chinese treatises on war； after
Sun Tzu。 The notes on each have been drawn principally from the
SSU K‘U CH‘UAN SHU CHIEN MING MU LU； ch。 9； fol。 22 sqq。
1。 WU TZU； in 1 CHUAN or 6 chapters。 By Wu Ch‘i （d。 381
B。C。）。 A genuine work。 See SHIH CHI； ch。 65。
2。 SSU…MA FA； in 1 CHUAN or 5 chapters。 Wrongly attributed
to Ssu…ma Jang…chu of the 6th century B。C。 Its date； however；
must be early； as the customs of the three ancient dynasties are
constantly to be met within its pages。 See SHIH CHI； ch。 64。
The SSU K‘U CH‘UAN SHU （ch。 99； f。 1） remarks that the
oldest three treatises on war； SUN TZU； WU TZU and SSU…MA FA；
are； generally speaking； only concerned with things strictly
military the art of producing； collecting； training and
drilling troops； and the correct theory with regard to measures
of expediency； laying plans； transport of goods and the handling
of soldiers in strong contrast to later works； in which the
science of war is usually blended with metaphysics； divination
and magical arts in general。
3。 LIU T‘AO； in 6 CHUAN； or 60 chapters。 Attributed to Lu
Wang （or Lu Shang； also known as T‘ai Kung） of the 12th century
B。C。 ＇74＇ But its style does not belong to the era of the Three
Dynasties。 Lu Te…ming （550…625 A。D。） mentions the work； and
enumerates the headings of the six sections so that the forgery
cannot have been later than Sui dynasty。
4。 WEI LIAO TZU； in 5 CHUAN。 Attributed to Wei Liao （4th
cent。 B。C。）； who studied under the famous Kuei…ku Tzu。 The work
appears to have been originally in 31 chapters； whereas the text
we possess contains only 24。 Its matter is sound enough in the
main； though the strategical devices differ considerably from
those of the Warring States period。 It is been furnished with a
commentary by the well…known Sung philosopher Chang Tsai。
5。 SAN LUEH； in 3 CHUAN。 Attributed to Huang…shih Kung； a
legendary personage who is said to have bestowed it on Chang
Liang （d。 187 B。C。） in an interview on a bridge。 But here again；
the style is not that of works dating from the Ch‘in or Han
period。 The Han Emperor Kuang Wu ＇25…57 A。D。＇ apparently quotes
from it in one of his proclamations； but the passage in question
may have been inserted later on； in order to prove the
genuineness of the work。 We shall not be far out if we refer it
to the Northern Sung period ＇420…478 A。D。＇； or somewhat earlier。
6。 LI WEI KUNG WEN TUI； in 3 sections。 Written in the form
of a dialogue between T‘ai Tsung and his great general Li Ching；
it is usually ascribed to the latter。 Competent authorities
consider it a forgery； though the author was evidently well
versed in the art of war。
7。 LI CHING PING FA （not to be confounded with the
foregoing） is a short treatise in 8 chapters； preserved in the
T‘ung Tien； but not published separately。 This fact explains its
omission from the SSU K‘U CH‘UAN SHU。
8。 WU CH‘I CHING； in 1 CHUAN。 Attributed to the legendary
minister Feng Hou； with exegetical notes by Kung…sun Hung of the
Han dynasty （d。 121 B。C。）； and said to have been eulogized by the
celebrated general Ma Lung （d。 300 A。D。）。 Yet the earliest
mention of it is in the SUNG CHIH。 Although a forgery； the work
is well put together。
Considering the high popular estimation in which Chu…ko
Liang has always been held； it is not surprising to find more
than one work on war ascribed to his pen。 Such are （1） the SHIH
LIU TS‘E （1 CHUAN）； preserved in the YUNG LO TA TIEN； （2） CHIANG
YUAN （1 CHUAN）； and （3） HSIN SHU （1 CHUAN）； which steals
wholesale from Sun Tzu。 None of these has the slightest claim to
be considered genuine。
Most of the large Chinese encyclopedias contain extensive
sections devoted to the literature of war。 The following
references may be found useful：
T‘UNG TIEN （circa 800 A。D。）； ch。 148…162。
T‘AI P‘ING YU LAN （983）； ch。 270…359。
WEN HSIEN TUNG K‘AO （13th cent。）； ch。 221。
YU HAI （13th cent。）； ch。 140； 141。
SAN TS‘AI T‘U HUI （16th cent）。
KUANG PO WU CHIH （1607）； ch。 31； 32。
CH‘IEN CH‘IO LEI SHU （1632）； ch。 75。
YUAN CHIEN LEI HAN （1710）； ch。 206…229。
KU CHIN T‘U SHU CHI CH‘ENG （1726）； section XXX； esp。 ch。 81…
90。
HSU WEN HSIEN T‘UNG K‘AO （1784）； ch。 121…134。
HUANG CH‘AO CHING SHIH WEN PIEN （1826）； ch。 76； 77。
The bibliographical sections of certain historical works
also deserve mention：
CH‘IEN HAN SHU； ch。 30。
SUI SHU； ch。 32…35。
CHIU T‘ANG SHU； ch。 46； 47。
HSIN T‘ANG SHU； ch。 57；60。
SUNG SHIH； ch。 202…209。
T‘UNG CHIH （circa 1150）； ch。 68。
To these of course must be added the great Catalogue of the
Imperial Library：
SSU K‘U CH‘UAN SHU TSUNG MU T‘I YAO （1790）； ch。 99； 100。
Footnotes
…
1。 SHI CHI； ch。 65。
2。 He reigned from 514 to 496 B。C。
3。 SHI CHI； ch。 130。
4。 The appellation of Nang Wa。
5。 SHI CHI； ch。 31。
6。 SHI CHI； ch。 25。
7。 The appellation of Hu Yen； mentioned in ch。 39 under the year
637。
8。 Wang…tzu Ch‘eng…fu； ch。 32； year 607。
9。 The mistake is natural enough。 Native critics refer to a
work of the Han dynasty； which says： 〃Ten LI outside the WU gate
＇of the city of Wu； now Soochow in Kiangsu＇ there is a great
mound； raised to commemorate the entertainment of Sun Wu of Ch‘i；
who excelled in the art of war； by the King of Wu。〃
10。 〃They attached strings to wood to make bows； and sharpened
wood to make arrows。 The use of bows and arrows is to keep the
Empire in awe。〃
11。 The son and successor of Ho Lu。 He was finally defeated and
overthrown by Kou chien； King of Yueh； in 473 B。C。 See post。
12。 King Yen of Hsu； a fabulous being； of whom Sun Hsing…yen
says in his preface： 〃His humanity brought him to destruction。〃
13。 The passage I have put in brackets is omitted in the T‘U
SHU； and may be an interpolation。 It was known； however to Chang
Shou…chieh of the T‘ang dynasty； and appears in the T‘AI P‘ING YU
LAN。
14。 Ts‘ao Kung seems to be thinking of the first part of chap。
II； perhaps especially of ss。 8。
15。 See chap。 XI。
16。 On the other hand； it is noteworthy that WU TZU； which is
not in 6 chapters； has 48 assigned to it in the HAN CHIH。
Likewise； the CHUNG YUNG is credited with 49 chapters； though now
only in one only。 In the case of very short works； one is
tempted to think that P‘IEN might simply mean 〃leaves。〃
17。 Yeh Sh