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the cause of the illness has never been established； but the most romantic and perhapslikely of the many suggested possibilities is that he suffered from chagas鈥檚 disease； alingering tropical malady that he could have acquired from the bite of a benchuga bug insouth america。 a more prosaic explanation is that his condition was psychosomatic。 in eithercase； the misery was not。 often he could work for no more than twenty minutes at a stretch；sometimes not that。
much of the rest of his time was devoted to a series of increasingly desperate treatments鈥攊cy plunge baths； dousings in vinegar； draping himself with 鈥渆lectric chains鈥潯hat subjectedhim to small jolts of current。 he became something of a hermit； seldom leaving his home inkent； down house。 one of his first acts upon moving to the house was to erect a mirroroutside his study window so that he could identify； and if necessary avoid； callers。
darwin kept his theory to himself because he well knew the storm it would cause。 in 1844；the year he locked his notes away； a book called vestiges of the natural history of creationroused much of the thinking world to fury by suggesting that humans might have evolvedfrom lesser primates without the assistance of a divine creator。 anticipating the outcry； the author had taken careful steps to conceal his identity； which he kept a secret from even hisclosest friends for the next forty years。 some wondered if darwin himself might be the author。
others suspected prince albert。 in fact； the author was a successful and generally unassumingscottish publisher named robert chambers whose reluctance to reveal himself had a practicaldimension as well as a personal one： his firm was a leading publisher of bibles。 vestiges waswarmly blasted from pulpits throughout britain and far beyond； but also attracted a good dealof more scholarly ire。 the edinburgh review devoted nearly an entire issue鈥攅ighty…fivepages鈥攖o pulling it to pieces。 even t。 h。 huxley； a believer in evolution； attacked the bookwith some venom； unaware that the author was a friend。
2darwin鈥檚 manuscript might have remained locked away till his death but for an alarmingblow that arrived from the far east in the early summer of 1858 in the form of a packetcontaining a friendly letter from a young naturalist named alfred russel wallace and the draftof a paper； on the tendency of varieties to depart indefinitely from the original type；outlining a theory of natural selection that was uncannily similar to darwin鈥檚 secret jottings。
even some of the phrasing echoed darwin鈥檚 own。 鈥渋 never saw a more striking coincidence；鈥�
darwin reflected in dismay。 鈥渋f wallace had my manuscript sketch written out in 1842； hecould not have made a better short abstract。鈥�
wallace didn鈥檛 drop into darwin鈥檚 life quite as unexpectedly as is sometimes suggested。
the two were already corresponding； and wallace had more than once generously sentdarwin specimens that he thought might be of interest。 in the process of these exchangesdarwin had discreetly warned wallace that he regarded the subject of species creation as hisown territory。 鈥渢his summer will make the 20th year （！） since i opened my first note…book； onthe question of how & in what way do species & varieties differ from each other；鈥潯e hadwritten to wallace some time earlier。 鈥渋 am now preparing my work for publication；鈥潯eadded； even though he wasn鈥檛 really。
in any case； wallace failed to grasp what darwin was trying to tell him； and of course hecould have no idea that his own theory was so nearly identical to one that darwin had beenevolving； as it were； for two decades。
darwin was placed in an agonizing quandary。 if he rushed into print to preserve his priority；he would be taking advantage of an innocent tip…off from a distant admirer。 but if he steppedaside； as gentlemanly conduct arguably required； he would lose credit for a theory that he hadindependently propounded。 wallace鈥檚 theory was； by wallace鈥檚 own admission； the result of aflash of insight； darwin鈥檚 was the product of years of careful； plodding； methodical thought。 itwas all crushingly unfair。
to pound his misery； darwin鈥檚 youngest son； also named charles； had contracted scarletfever and was critically ill。 at the height of the crisis； on june 28； the child died。 despite thedistraction of his son鈥檚 illness； darwin found time to dash off letters to his friends charleslyell and joseph hooker； offering to step aside but noting that to do so would mean that allhis work； 鈥渨hatever it may amount to； will be smashed。鈥潯yell and hooker came up with thepromise solution of presenting a summary of darwin鈥檚 and wallace鈥檚 ideas together。 thevenue they settled on was a meeting of the linnaean society； which at the time was strugglingto find its way back into fashion as a seat of scientific eminence。 on july 1； 1858； darwin鈥檚2darwin was one of the few to guess correctly。 he happened to be visiting chambers one day when an advancecopy of the sixth edition of vestiges was delivered。 the keenness with which chambers checked the revisionswas something of a giveaway； though it appears the two men did not discuss it。
and wallace鈥檚 theory was unveiled to the world。 darwin himself was not present。 on the dayof the meeting； he and his wife were burying their son。
the darwin鈥搘allace presentation was one of seven that evening鈥攐ne of the others was onthe flora of angola鈥攁nd if the thirty or so people in the audience had any idea that they werewitnessing the scientific highlight of the century； they showed no sign of it。 no discussionfollowed。 nor did the event attract much notice elsewhere。 darwin cheerfully later noted thatonly one person； a professor haughton of dublin； mentioned the two papers in print and hisconclusion was 鈥渢hat all that was new in them was false； and what was true was old。鈥�
wallace； still in the distant east； learned of these maneuverings long after the event； butwas remarkably equable and seemed pleased to have been included at all。 he even referred tothe theory forever after as 鈥渄arwinism。鈥潯uch less amenable to darwin鈥檚 claim of prioritywas a scottish gardener named patrick matthew who had； rather remarkably； also e upwith the principles of natural selection鈥攊n fact； in the very year that darwin had set sail inthebeagle。 unfortunately； matthew had published these views in a book called naval timberand arboriculture； which had been missed not just by darwin； but by the entire world。
matthew kicked up in a lively manner； with a letter to gardener鈥檚 chronicle； when he sawdarwin gaining credit everywhere for an idea that really was his。 darwin apologized withouthesitation； though he did note for the record： 鈥渋 think that no one will feel surprised thatneither i； nor apparently any other naturalist； has heard of mr。 matthew鈥檚 views； consideringhow briefly they are given； and they appeared in the appendix to a work on naval timberand arboriculture。鈥�
wallace continued for another fifty years as a naturalist and thinker； occasionally a verygood one； but increasingly fell from scientific favor by taking up dubious interests such asspiritualism and the possibility of life exist