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表示动作已经完成，而现在分词的被动式表示动作正在进行、还未完成。（2）他竟然会缺席，这使我感到惊讶。误：It is astonished to me that he should be absent。正：It is astonishing to me that he should be absent。正：I am astonished that he is absent。析：一般来说，由现在分词转化而来的形容词，有主动意味，说明事物的性质或特征，多可译为令人感到……的；而由过去分词转化而来的形容词，有被动意味或表示已完成的动作，长译为“感到……、觉得……”。（3）这本书我读起来太难了。误：The book is too difficult far me to read it正：The book is too difficult far me to read析：句子主语是不定式的逻辑宾语，所以应去掉，否则就犯了重复的毛病。（4） 打开抽屉，他拿出词典。误：Opening the drawer； and he took out a dictionary。正：Opening the drawer； he took out a dictionary。析：并列连词等是用来连接两个或更多个语法作用相同的词、短语、或句子。分词短语和句子之间不能用并列连词。（5） 他别无选择，只有躺下来睡觉。误：He has no choice but lying dawn and sleeping。正：He has no choice but to lie dawn and sleep。正：He can do noting but lie dawn and sleep。正：He has nothing to do but lie dawn and sleep。析：在这种句型中，but和except后用不定式，不用动名词。并且若句中含有动词do时，but，except后跟省掉to的不定式。（6） 革命意味着解放生产力。误：Revolution means to liberate the productive farces。正：Revolution means liberating the productive farces。析：mean后跟动词不定式表示“意欲/打算”，后面跟动名词表示“意味着”（7））他在看通知时有了一个主意。误：When reading the notice； an idea came into his mind。正：When he was reading the notice； an idea came into his mind。正：Reading （When reading） the notice； he had an idea。析：分词的逻辑主语要与句子的主语一致（8）依据他的说法，这个答案是对的。误：Judge from what he said； the answer is right。正：Judging from what he said； the answer is right。析：“Judging” 在这里是插入语，作独立成分。类似的用法还有to tell； the truth； considering； generally speaking等。（9）我们尽快地走，希望及时赶到误：We walked as fast as we could to hope to get there in time。正：We walked as fast as we could； hoping to get there in time。析：根据句意，希望hope不表示目的，而表示伴随状况，所以用hoping。（10）这封需要马上回复。误：The letter demanded answering immediately。正：The letter demanded an immediate answer。正：The letter required （needed） answering immediately。析：require，need，want作“需要”解时，可跟动名词做宾语。demand作此义解时，不能跟动名词作宾语，要跟名词。（11）这是80年代建造的工厂之一。误：This is one of the factories having been built in the 1980s。正：This is one of the factories built in the 1980s。析：现在分词的完成式主要用做状语，不做定语。（12）给我一张纸写东西。误：Give me a sheet of paper to write正：Give me a sheet of paper to write on析：不定式做定语时，如果它所修饰的名词在意义上是不定式的宾语而不是主语的时候，这个不定式的后面应根据意义加上适当的介词。
独立主格结构
独立主格结构由名词或代词加上其他成分（分词、不定式、名词、代词、形容词、副词或介词短语）构成。
独立主格结构没有主语和谓语，所以在语法上不是句子。但多有名词或代词表示的逻辑主语，分词或不定式表示的逻辑谓语，有时还有其他修饰成分。（判断一个结构是否是句子的标准就是看看这个结构是否有谓语动词。）这种结构通常在句子中起方式、时间、原因、条件等状语或状语从句的作用，主要用于书面语。使用动词非谓语形式的独立主格结构可以改为句子形式（从句）：独立主格结构加上连词，非谓语动词改为谓语动词形式，这样就成为从句了。例如：
Today being Sunday； the library isn' t open。今天星期天，图书馆不开放。
（原因）改为从句：
As （Since） today is Sunday； the library isn' t open。
例如：
There being no buses，we had to take a taxi。 没有汽车了，我们只好坐出租车了。
Because there were no buses； we had to take a taxi。
The signal given，the bus started。信号发出后，公共汽车就启动了。
（时间）改为从句：
After the signal was given； the bus started。
The boy followed that man here，and climbed in，sword in hand。少年跟那个人到这里，并爬了进来，手里拿着剑。
The boy followed that man here，and climbed in，and had a sword in his hand。
The mid…term examination is over； the end…of…term examination to e two months later。期中考试结束了，两个月之后进行期末考试。
The mid…term examination is over； and the end…of…term examination is to e two months later。
Weather permitting； we' 11 visit the Great Wall。如果天气允许的话，我们就去参观长城。
If weather permits； we' 11 visit the Great Wall。
The boy followed that man here； and climbed in； sword in hand。少年跟那个人到这里，并爬了进来，手里拿着剑。（伴随状语）
上文例句中sword in hand是由“名词＋介词短语”构成，表示伴随的情况。这种表示伴随情的独立主格结构，有时可以用with引出，二者的意思是一样的，with结构更加口语话，更加常用。
She left the office with tears in her eyes。她眼里含着泪水，离开了办公室。
The teacher walked into the classroom； with a ruler under his arm and some books in his hand。老师胳膊底下挟着一把尺子，手里拿着几本书，走进了教室。
The teacher walked into the classroom。 He was holding a ruler under his arm and some books in his hand。
Tian' anmen Square looks magnificent with all the lights on。华灯齐放，天安门广场显得美丽动人。
With the boy leading the way； we found his house with no difficulty。由这孩子领路，我们毫不费劲地找到他的家。
With him to give us a lead； our team is bound to turn out well。有他给我们带头，我们对一定能搞好。
1、指出下列句子中的独立主格结构：1） My work having been finished； I went home。…My work having been finished2）The woman sat smiling； surrounded by her flowers； a faraway look in her eyes。
…A faraway look in her eyes3） My watch having been lost； I didn' t know what time it was。
…My watch having been lost4） He came into the room； his face red with cold。
… his face red with cold5） There an elderly patient was sitting in her wheelchair alone； head bowed； her back to most of the others。
… Head bowed。 her back to mast of the others6） A man came in； his face hidden by an upturned coat collar and a cap pulled law over his brow。
… His face hidden by an upturned……。
2、 用独立主格结构改正下列句子：1） Being cold； he put on his overcoat。…It being cold； …2） Being no bus； we had to walk home。… There being no bus； 。。。3） Getting colder； same birds are flying away to the south。… It getting colder； 。。。4） Being ill； Mr。 Li taught the lesson in place of Mr。 Wang。… Mr。 Wang being ill； Mr。 Li taught。。5） Asia is the largest continent； being about 43 million square kilometer。……，its size （area） being about 43…。
3、 用独立主格结构将括号内的汉语译成英语填空：1）Bing Bing entered the room； _____ （手里拿着一个大苹果）。 （with） a big apple in his hand。2） _____（下课了），the children ran out of the class room。
…The class being over3） The little girl waited at the bus stop for a long time； _____（鼻子冻得通红）。
…her nose red with cold4） Here es the Shanghai train； _____ （从福州来的火车）
…the Fuzhou train to e half an hour later。5） He was doing his homework。_____ （他的父亲坐在旁边）6） ____（谁也没有什么可说的）； the meeting was closed。
…Nobody having any more to say
一致英语的一致有三种：主谓一致，代词一致，肯定与否定一致一、主语与谓语的一致
英语语法要求，主语如果是单数，谓语动词也要用单数形式；主语若是复数，谓语动词也要用复数形式
例如：
She likes to eat well。她好吃
We all like good food。我们都喜欢好饭菜。
Everybody was happy with the