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We explored the caves，Peter acting as guide。我们到那山洞探险，彼得做向导。 （独立主格）
The train having gone，we had to wait another day。分词短语做状语时，前面可以加上连词或介词，但是分词短语和句子之间不能用并列连词（如but，and），因为并列连词接的是两个并列成分，而分词短语只是全句的一个状语部分。分词和主句之间可用逗号。例如：
误：Having been told many times，but he still couldn’t understand it。
正：He was told many times； but he still couldn’t understand it。
注意：（1）分词作状语时，逻辑主语即句子的主语；否则要用从句或独立主格结构来表示。例如：
Looking out of the window，I saw lots of people there。（=When I looked out of the window，I saw lots of people there。）我往窗外一看，看见那儿有许多人。 （looking out of the window的逻辑主语，就是句子的主语I。）
（2）在see，hear，watch，notice等动词后，用动词不定式作宾语补语，通常表示（强调）动作从开始到结束的全过程。如果用现在分词作宾语补语，则通常表示动作正在进行。例如：
We sat two hours and watched the teacher make the experiment。我们坐了两个小时，看老师做实验。（两小时一直在看老师做实验）
We passed by the classroom and saw the teacher making the experiment。我们走过教室，看见老师在做实验。（只是在走过教宰的一刹那间，看见老师正存做实验）
I saw him enter the room； unlock a drawer； take out a document； photograph it and put it back。我看见他走进房间，打开抽屉，拿出一份文件，拍了照又放回去（表示一个接一个的一系列动作的全过程时，用动词不定式。
I noticed them sitting in the corner and talking about something secret。我注意到他们坐在角落里在谈论什么秘密事儿。 （表示几个同时正在进行的动作，用现在分词）
（3）在“have＋宾语＋分词”的结构中，用现在分词或过去分词表示的意义不同。在“have＋宾语＋现在分词”的结构中，现在分词所表示的动作往往是主体让（叫、使、听任、允许）客体做的，或使客体保持或处于某种状态。例如：
He had the fire burning day and night。他让火日夜燃烧着。
Father had me swimming the whole summer vacation。父亲让我整个署假天天游泳。在“have（get）＋宾语＋过去分词”的结构中，过去分词所表示的动作往往是别人做的或与主体的意志无关。例如：
Mary had her dress washed。玛丽叫别人洗了她的衣服。（衣服是被洗）
had his legs broken。他的腿骨折断了。（表示与主体意志无关的客观遭遇）
I had my watch stolen yesterday。昨天我的表被人偷了。（表是被偷）
They had Jack beaten。他们叫人打了杰克。（Jack是被打）
（4）分词作表语时，现在分词有“主动”、“进行”、“使”等意义；过去分词有“被动”、“完成”“受”、“感到…”等意义。例如：
The story is interesting。这个故事很有意思。（故事使人感兴趣）
He is interested in dancing。他对舞蹈感兴趣。
The news was disappointing。这消息令人失望。
They were all disappointed。他们都感到失望。
The work was tiring。那工作累人。
The workers soon became tired。工人们很快就累了。
（5）谓语动词的现在进行时和作表语的现在分词形式相同；被动语态动词谓语和作表语的过去分词形式相同，但两者的意思不一样。试比较：They are moving their bed。他们正在搬床。 （are moving是谓语，表示主体的动作）The story is very moving。这个故事很感人。 （moving是表语，表示主体的特征）Her homework was done by her sister。她的作业是她姐姐做的。 （was done是谓语动词被动语态）Her homework is well done。她的作业做得很好。（ done是表语）
（6）generally speaking（一般地说），roughly speaking（粗略地说），strictly speaking（严格地说）等现在分词结构都是习惯用语，在句子中作插入语。
例如：
Generally speaking，a footballer of 20 is better than one of 40。
一般地说，二十岁的足球队员比四十岁的强。
（7）分词短语的逻辑主语就是句子的主语，而独立结构的逻辑主语和句子的主语是不同的。
例如：
The last bus having gone，we had to walk home。
末班公共汽车已开走了，我们只好走路回家。
（三）分词的时态和语态
上面已经谈到，过去分词可以表示“被动”和“完成”等意义，因此没有时态和语态方面的形式变化。下面谈一下现在分词的时态和语态。
1。现在分词的完成式（having＋过去分词）表示的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前或两个动作在时间上有一定的间隔。
例如：
Having written the letter，John went to the post office。
（=After he had written the letter，John went to the post office。
约翰写完信后，就去邮局了。
Having lived in Beijing for years，Lao Wang knows the city quite well。
（=As he has lived in Beijing for years，Lao Wang knows the city quite well。）
老王在北京住了多年，所以对这个城市很熟悉。
Having drunk two glasses of water； Xiao Ma felt a little better。
（=After he had drunk two glasses of water Xiao Ma felt a little better。）
小马喝了两杯水，感觉好一些了一般式和完成式现在分词都可以表示先后接连发生的动作。在可能引起误解的场合应该用完成式现在分词表示先发生的动作。例如：
Opening the drawer，he took out his wallet。
（=He opened the drawer and took out his wallet。）
他打开抽屉，拿出钱包。
ing into the room，he put down his bag。
（=he came into the room and put down his bag。）
他走进房间，放下提包。
Having brushed his teeth，Mr。 Brown came downstairs for breakfast。
布朗先生刷过牙，就下楼来吃早饭。
（此句如写成：Brushing his teeth； Mr。 Brown came downstairs for breakfast。可能指“边刷牙，边下楼’。）
2。现在分词的被动语态（being ＋过去分词）通常表示“正在被…”的意思。如强调现在分词表示的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前时，可用现在分词被动语态的完成式（having ＋ been ＋过去分词）。
例如：
The bridge being built will be pleted next month。正在修建的那座桥将于下月完成。
Having been kept out of the room about half an hour for his returning late，Tom was let in。汤姆回来晚了，所以被关在门外半小时左右才让他进去。
Now let' s do some exercises：1、用现在分词或过去分词结构改写下列句子：Examples；A student is reading a book over there。 He is our monitor。…The student reading a book over there is our monitor。I saw him。 He was running for the bus。…I saw him running for the bus。He sat there。 He was watching the men at work…He sat there watching the men at work。Tom felt tired。 He went to bed at once。…Feeling tired； Tom went to bed at once。I had worked for a long time； so I felt very tired。…Having worked for a long time； I felt very tired。The plan is about middle school education。 It is being discussed。…The plan being discussed is about middle school education。1）The teacher is taking a walk on the playground。 He is our teacher of English。…The teacher taking a walk on the play ground is our teacher of English。2）The birds filled the air with music。 They were singing in the trees。…The birds singing in the trees filled the air with music。3） Here is a novel。 It was written b Lu Xun。…Here is a novel written by Lu Xun。4） The language is English。 It is spoken in Australia。…The language spoken in Australia Is English。5） Do you know the number of students？ They are ing to the English Evening。…Do you know the number of students ing to the English Evening？6） I could hear the boys。 They were playing in the field。…I could hear the boys playing in the field。7） He was glad to find the fire。 It was burning brightly。…He was glad to find the fire burning brightly。8） I watched them。 They were dancing。…I watched them dancing。9） I saw a man。 He was banging at your door…I saw a man banging at your door。10）Tom rushed into the room。 He was covered with snow。…Tom rushed into the room； covered with snow。11）Mary sat on the ground。 She talked with Jane。…Mary sat on