按键盘上方向键 ← 或 → 可快速上下翻页，按键盘上的 Enter 键可回到本书目录页，按键盘上方向键 ↑ 可回到本页顶部！
————未阅读完？加入书签已便下次继续阅读！
rrelated until older age at which point the correlation reverses itself to some extent。
Etiology
Causal relationships of diseases； theories regarding how the specific disease or disorder began。
Experimental Group
In research； the group of subjects who receive the independent variable。
Experimental Method
Research method using random assignment of subjects and the manipulation of variables in order to determine cause and effect。
Experimenter Bias
Errors in a research study due to the predisposed notions or beliefs of the experimenter。
Expert Power
Power derived through advanced knowledge or experience in a particular subject。
Ex…Post…Facto （After the Fact） Research
Research method in which the independent variable is administered prior to the study without the researcher’s control and its effects are investigated afterward
External Locus of Control
The belief that the environment has more control over life circumstances than the individual does。
External Validity
The extent to which the data collected from a sample can be generalized to the entire population。
Extinction
The reduction and eventual disappearance of a learned or conditioned response after it is no longer paired with the unconditioned stimulus…response chain。
Extrinsic Motivation
The desire or push to perform a certain behavior based on the potential external rewards that may be received as a result。
Extroversion
Personality style where the individual prefers outward and group activity as opposed to inward and individual activity。
F
Factor Analysis
A statistical technique used to determine the number of ponents in a set of data。 These ponents are then named according to their characteristics allowing a researcher to break down information into statistical groups。
Factorial ANOVA
An Analysis of Variance used when there are two or more independent variables。 When there are two； the ANOVA is called a Two…Way ANOVA； three independent variables would use a Three…Way ANOVA； etc。
Family Therapy
Treatment involving family members which seeks to change the unhealthy familial patterns and interactions。
Fixation
In Freud's theory of psychosexual development； the failure to plete a stage successfully which results in a continuation of that stage into later adulthood。
Fixed Interval Schedule
A schedule in which the reinforcement is presented after a specific period of time。
Fixed Ratio Schedule
A schedule in which the reinforcement is presented after a specific number of responses。
Fetish
A condition in which arousal and/or sexual gratification is attained through inanimate objects （shoes； pantyhose） or non…sexual body parts （feet； hair）。 Is considered a problem when the object is needed in order to obtain arousal or gratification and the individual can not can not plete a sexual act without this object present。
Frequency Distribution
A table showing the number of occurrences for each score
Frequency Effect
The phenomenon in memory which states that we tend to remember information better if it is repeated。
Freud； Sigmund
Dr。 Freud is often referred to as the father of clinical psychology。 His extensive theory of personality development （psychoanalytical theory） is the cornerstone for modern psychological thought； and consists of （1） the psychosexual stages of development； （2） the structural model of personality （id； ego； superego）； and （3） levels of consciousness （conscious； subconscious； and unconscious）。 See Psychoanalysis。
Flooding
A behavioral technique used to treat phobias in which the client is presented with the feared stimulus until the associated anxiety disappears。
Fluid Intelligence
According to Cattell； the part of intelligence which involves the use； as opposed to the acquisition； of information。
Formal Operational Stage
Pavlov's fourth and final stage of cognitive development where thinking bees more abstract。
Framing
Presenting information either positively or negatively in order to change the influence is has on an individual or group。
Free Association
The psychoanalytic technique of allowing a patient to talk without direction or input in order to analyze current issues of the client。
Frontal Lobe
The lobe at the front of the brain associated with movement； speech； and impulsive behavior。
Frustration
The feelings； thoughts； and behaviors associated with not achieving a particular goal or the belief that a goal has been prematurely interrupted。
Frustration…Aggression Hypothesis
The theory arguing that aggression is the natural reaction to frustration。
Functionalism
The school of thought popular in the 19th century emphasizing conscious experiences as a precursor to behavior
Fundamental Attribution Error
The tendency to over estimate the internal attributes of another person's actions。
G
G
General intelligence。 Typically pared to s which represents specific intelligences。 G is the culmination of all possible s's。
GABA （Gamma…Amino Butyric Acid）
A neurotransmitter involved in the inhibition of anxiety and excitation。 Too little GABA has been associated with anxiety disorders。
Gender Identity
The internal sense of being either male or female。 Usually congruent with biological gender； but not always as in Gender Identity Disorder。
Gender Role
The accepted behaviors； thoughts； and emotions of a specific gender based upon the views of a particular society or culture。
Gender Typing
The process of developing the behaviors； thoughts； and emotions associated with a particular gender。
Generalization
The tendency to associate stimuli； and therefore respond similarly to； due to their closeness on some variable such as size； shape； color； or meaning。
Genital Stage
Freud's final stage of psychosexual development where healthy sexual development is defined as attraction to a same aged； opposite sexed peer。
Gestalt
German word typically translated as meaning 'whole' or 'form。'
Gestalt Therapy
Treatment focusing on the awareness and understanding of one's feelings。
Grouped Frequency Distribution
A table showing the number of occurrences for a grouping of scores。 Used a lot in educational settings where a score of 90 to 100 may be grouped as an A； a score of 80 to 90 may be grouped as a B； etc。
Group Polarization
The tendency for members of a cohesive group to make more extreme decisions due to the lack of opposing views。
Group Therapy
Psychotherapy conducted with at least three or four non…related individuals who are similar in some are； such as gender； age； mental illness； or presenting problem。
Group Think
The tendency for members of a cohesive group to reach decisions without weighing all the facts； especially those contradicting the majority opinion。
Gustation
Sense of taste。
H
Habituation
The decrease in response to a stimulus due to repetition （e。g。； not hearing the ticking of a clock after getting used to it）
Hallucination
False perception of reality （e。g。； hearing voices that aren't there or seeing people who do not exist） ＇auditory （hearing）； visual （sight）； olfactory （smell）； tactile （touch）； and taste＇。
Halo Effect
The tendency to assign