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aquifers， which
provide unexpected water supplies for arid regions．
Topic Sentence：____________________________________________
Position：_____________
（4）
Suppose you’re playing a game． You make a silly mistake and lose． Do you bee angry？ Or can you laugh at yourself and hope to do better next time？ Suppose you are at a special
dinner．You
accidentally spill some food．Why keep worrying about how clumsy you look？Why not laugh it off and enjoy yourself
anyway？If you can， it’s good sign you've really grown up．
Topic Sentence：____________________________________________
Position：____________
（5）
Young men sometimes bring edelweiss back for their girlfriends． The girls think of the flowers as
a proof of true love．Mountain climbers， guides， and hunters pick edelweiss too．They wear it on their hats． To them it is a sign of courage and daring．
Topic Sentence：____________________________________________
Position：____________
第三单元 如何写好主题句
3．1关于写主题句的建议
1）要写合乎语法的句子
Example 1： Two causes of the American Civil War．
这个句子是个不完整的句子，不合乎语法，因此不能用作主题句。
Example 2： There were two causes that led to the American Civil War．
重写后的句子合乎语法，是个较好的主题句。
2）要使用限写词限定主题
为了正确表达观点，好的主题句经常使用关键词或词组，即限制词（controllers）限制这一观点。
Example 3： Air travel is more convenient than train for at least three reasons．
从上例主题句我们得知作者将要写“air travel”（ topic），他将要把 “train”（ aspect）和“ air travel”作比较，并且陈述“reasons”。由此可见，作者在“aspect”（方面）和“reason”（原因）两方面限制他的主题。
3）要注意主题的可写性
所定的主题不能太笼统，也不能太具体。
Example 4： In Hemingway's story “Soldier’s Home”，Krebs tells
his mother that he wants no part of God's Kingdom．
这个句子太具体以至于无东西可写，无法展开段落。
Example 5： In Hemingway's story “Soldier’s Home”， Kreb is a
lonely， cynical
veteran．
这个句子可作为主题句，因为可以围绕“lonely，cynical”展开段落。
Example 6： Let me tell you something about overpopulation．
这个句子太笼统，作为一个段落的主题太大，难于驾驭。
Example 7： Why has the world population been increasing sorapidly in the last
decades？
这个句子是个较好的主题句，作者用“the reasons for
overpopulation in the last decades”，从“原因”（cause）和“时间”（time）两方面限制了主题，能在一个段落内论述。
Exercise 3…1
Directions： Identify the areas which limit the topic sentences．
3．1．1 Soccer has bee increasingly
popular in the U． S． in the last ten years．
Topic：_____________
Limitations：________________________________________________
3．1．2 Pollution has caused three major
problems in the last decades．
Topic：______________
Limitations：________________________________________________
3．1．3There are two kinds of memory： short…term and long…term．
Topic：____________
Limitations：________________________________________________
3．1．4 Women are playing an increasingly
important part in society today．
Topic：____________
Limitations：________________________________________________
3．1．5 Women are paid less for equal
work than men in some panies．
Topic：____________
Limitations：________________________________________________
Exercise 3…2
Directions： Write two topic sentences for each of the topics，limiting the topic in different
ways．
3． 2． 1 Topic： the study of English
Topic Sentence 1：__________________________________________
Topic Sentence 2：___________________________________________
3．2．2 Topic： college students today
Topic Sentence 1：__________________________________________
Topic Sentence 2：__________________________________________
3．2．3 Topic： women in China
Topic Sentence 1：__________________________________________
Topic Sentence 2：__________________________________________
3．2．4 Topic：crime
Topic Sentence 1：__________________________________________
Topic Sentence 2：__________________________________________
Exercise 3…3
Directions： Read the following paragraphs and supply the missing topic sentence．
（1）
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Iceland’s flag， for instance， stands for features of the land．Red for the fire of Iceland’s volcanoes． White is for ice． Blue is for the mountains． On India’s flag， the blue wheel stands for peace
and progress． The white
stripe behind it is for truth． The black stripe on the flag of Malawi stands for the Negro people
of that African land． The red stripe represents the blood they shed to free themselves
from foreign rule．
（2）
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
The one most people are familiar with is the“desk dictionary”，sometimes refered to as
general…purpose dictionary． Another kind is the pronouncing dictionary， which is concerned with a word's
pronunciation more than with its meaning． A third type is the bilingual dictionary， which lists the words in one
language and attempts to give equivalent meaning in another language． Other types include technical
dictionaries， special
purpose dictionaries，and scholarly dictionaries．
第四单元 如何写推展句
4．1段落的推展
在前几单元中，我们谈到写段落的第一个步骤是写主题句。作者要对主题句在某些方面加以限制。第二个步骤将是写推展句。例如你要陈述你选择某院校的理由，第一步，写出主题句：
There are two main reasons why I have decided to attend Bingston
University next year．
第二步，以数个理由推展你的主题：
示范段落4…1
① There are two main reasons why I
have decided to attend Bingston University next year．② First of all， there is the question of money：Bingstonv's tuition is reasonable
and I don’t even have to
pay it all at once．③ This is very important， since my father is not a rich man．④ With Bingston's “deferred payment plan，” my father will be able to pay my tuition without too much
difficulty．⑤The second
resaon is the fine education which I feed will receive there in agriculture， my chosen field．⑥ It is a well…known fact that
Bingston hires only the finest professors in its Agriculture Department．⑦ Moreover， the university reqires all
agricultural students to get practical experience by working on farms in the
areawhile they are still going to school．
4．2示范段落分析
细节： two main reasons：
理由 1—financial consideration②
a． reasonable
tuition③
b． deferred
payment plan④
理由 2—quality of education⑤
a． fine
teachers③
b． practical
experience⑦
在两个主要理由之下，作者用更小的细节支持它们。
由此可见，段落的推展依赖于支持主题句的细节（details）。推展段落的方法很多。通常每个段落以一种方法为“支配方法”（ the
dominant method），必要时，可运用其它一种或数种方法作为“辅助方法”（ the supporting method）。上面的示范段落使用因果�