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Press。 A narrative of how our American society addresses children’s issues； from the formation
of the foster care system to the Gary Schools Project and Ben Lindsey’s formation of the juvenile
courts system。 An excellent resource for the history of children’s issues。
Muuss； R。 E。 （1990）。 Adolescent Behavior and Society： A Book of Readings。 New York： McGraw…Hill。 A
collection of essays addressing the various cognitive； behavioral； and sexual aspects of
adolescent development。
Parke； R。； Ornstein； P。； Rieser； J。； & Zahn…Waxier； C。 （1994）。 A Century of Developmental Psychology。
Washington： American Psychological Association。 Highlights the contributions of the most
important developmental psychologists in the field。 Traces the theoretical and empirical changes
in developmental psychology over the past 100 years。
Pinker； S。 （1989）。 Learnability and Cognition： The Acquisition of Argument Structure。 Cambridge： MIT
Press。
Sternberg； R。 J。 （1990）。 Metaphors of Mind： Conceptions of the Nature of Intelligence。 Cambridge：
Cambridge University Press。 An overview of human intelligence from the bined； rather than
individualistic； perspectives of psychology； anthropology； and sociology。
Turner； J。； & Helms； D。 （1995）。 Lifespan Development （5th ed。）。 Fort Worth： Harcourt Brace College
Publishers。 An introduction to life span development that focuses on seven essential themes。
These themes are the interrelatedness of aging processes； theoretical perspectives on life span
development； the interaction of heredity and environment； epigenetics； continuity and
discontinuity； active and reactive models of development； and gender issues。
Van Hasselt； V。； & Hersen； M。 （1992）。 Handbook of Social Development。 A Lifespan Perspective。 New
York； Plenum Press。 Investigates the process of social development from a life span perspective。
Covers all stages of life from the crib to old age。 An excellent reference。
Vygotsky； L。 （1986）。 Thought and Language。 Revised and edited by A。 Kozulin。 Cambridge： MIT
Press。 A 1986 revision of the original volume； this text helps balance the various trends of
thought on the connections between psychology and language。
212
CHAPTER 11： HUMAN DEVELOPMENT ACROSS THE LIFE SPAN
DISCOVERING PSYCHOLOGY
PROGRAM 4： THE RESPONSIVE BRAIN
Overview
How the brain controls behavior and； conversely； how behavior and environment influence the
brain’s structure and functioning。
Key Issues
The effect of human touch on the growth of premature babies； the effect of the mother’s touch on
the growth of rats； psychosocial Dwarfism； the effect of stress on memory and learning in rats；
how behavior modifies the physiology of the African Cichlid fish； and the effects of social
status on the health of baboons
Interviews
Tiffany Field explains the benefits of touch on the cognitive and motor development of
premature babies。
Saul Shanberg underscores the importance of contact by the mother in the process of growth
and development in rats。
Michael Meaney examines the effects of stress on memory and learning in rats。
Russ Fernald examines the effects of behavior on the physiology of the brain and the effects of
the brain on behavior in African Cichlid fish。
Robert Salopsky discusses the direct effects of social status on the health of wild baboons。
Archival Demonstrations
Effects of change in social status on sexual reactions and growth of fish。 （18：09）
Effects of social status on hormones and behavior in wild baboons。 （21：56）
Demonstrations
Effects of physical stimulation on growth of brain； body； and health of rats。 （6：27）
Relationship between early stimulation and adult resistance to stress…induced decline in
memory of rats。 （12：52）
PROGRAM 5： THE DEVELOPING CHILD
Overview
The nature versus nurture debate； and how developmental psychologists study the
contributions of both heredity and environment to the development of children。
213
PSYCHOLOGY AND LIFE
Key Issues
Nature versus nurture debate； volume perception in children； infant’s understanding of object
permanence； symbol understanding of young children； depth perception in babies on the
“visual cliff；” inherited behavioral differences among preschool children； and genetically shy
monkeys。
Demonstrations
Steve Suomi examines how overly nurturing foster mothers may alter the introverted behavior
of individual monkeys。
Archival Demonstrations
Richard Walk and Eleanor Gibson developed the visual cliff in 1960 to study the development
of depth perception and the emotion of fear in children。
Interviews
Dr。 Baillargeon observes the infant’s understanding of physical and spatial qualities； such as
object permanence。
Dr。 Judy DeLoache studies how children understand symbols。
Steven Suomi studies the upbringing and behavior of genetically shy monkeys。
Psychologist Jean Piaget asks children of varying ages to assess the volume of liquid in a short；
wide glass after it is poured into a taller； thinner glass。 Responses vary with the age of the
child。
Psychologist Jerome Kagan observes inherited behavioral differences between timid and bold
children。 （21：37）。
Experimental Re…Creation
Development of the principle of object permanence at a very young age。
PROGRAM 6： LANGUAGE DEVELOPMENT
Overview
The development of language and how psychologists hope to discover truths about the human
mind； society； and culture by studying how children use language in social munication。
Key Issues
Biological basis of language acquisition and development； the role of social interaction in
language development； universal adaptability in language development； grammar acquisition；
and the rules of conversation。
Demonstrations
The role of parent–child interaction in language development。
214
CHAPTER 11： HUMAN DEVELOPMENT ACROSS THE LIFE SPAN
Unique patterns of speech sounds made by mothers to their infants。
Interviews
Psychologist Jean Berko…Gleason explains the role of social interaction in language
development。
Anne Fernald examines how pre…verbal children interpret the melodies； intonations； and tones
of mothers of various languages。
Psychologist Dan Slobin discusses how children invent their own system of grammar and
syntax regardless of the adult grammatical patterns that they hear around them。
Linguist Noam Chomsky examines how a child acquires the ability to produce sophisticated
sentence structures。
PROGRAM 18： MATURING AND AGING
Overview
What really happens； physically and psychologically； as we age； and how society reacts to the
last stages of life。
Key Issues
Erikson’s eight stages of psychosocial development； societal treatment of the elderly； mid…life
crisis； modifying biological and psychological effects of aging； the elderly and sexuality； the
effects of media on the perception of the elderly； and the elderly’s ability to learn。
Demonstrations
Similarities among aged rabbits and human beings in the classic conditioning of the eyelid
response。
Ar