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for interested students to visit the facility or have a worker as a guest for the class。
4。 For instructors with some experience in counseling； one interesting variation is to have students
role…play callers who are contacting a suicide crisis line。 Either the instructor or a student could
role…play the telephone counselor； and the class could discuss what and what not to say to a person
who is having a crisis。 This technique works especially well if； after particularly interesting
episodes； the role…played action is “frozen” for detailed discussion。
5。 Discuss “copy…cat” suicides； the contagious effect of media on facilitating suicides。
ADDITIONAL RESOURCES
Alverez； A。 （1971）。 The savage God。 New York： Random House。
Barrington； M。 R。； & Hendin； H。 （1984）。 Can suicide be rational？ In J。 Rubinstein & B。 D。 Slife （Eds。）； Taking
sides： Clashing views on controversial social issues。 （3rd ed。）。 Guilford； CT Dushkin Publishing Group。
Phillips； D。 P。 （1986）。 Natural experiments on the effects of mass media violence on fatal aggression： Strengths and
weaknesses of a new approach。 In L。 Berkowitz （Ed。）； Advances in experimental social psychology （Vol。 19； pp。
207…250）。 Orlando； FL： Academic Press
Schneidman； E。 （1985）。 Definition of suicide； New York： Wiley
Schneidman； E。 （1987； March）。 At the point of no return。 Psychology Today pp。 54…58
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HOW MUCH DO YOU KNOWABOUT SUICIDE？
Circle the letter that indicates whether the following statements are true or false。
T F 1。 Men attempt suicide more often than women。
T F 2。 Women mit suicide more often than men。
T F 3。 Poisoning； by either pills or gas； is the most mon form of
suicide。
T F 4。 Minorities mit suicide more often than whites。
T F 5。 The higher the socioeconomic level； the lower the suicide rate。
T F 6。 After about 60 years of age； the suicide rate begins to decline
continuously。
T F 7。 Suicide rates for college students reached an all…time peak in
the 1960s and have declined somewhat since then。
T F 8。 Suicide rates are lower for people who are terminally ill than
for people who have illnesses with no end in sight。
T F 9。 Those people who never mention suicide are more likely to
actually mit the act than individuals who occasionally
discuss it。
T F 10。 One of the difficulties in predicting suicides is that they are
often mitted without warning。
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EVALUATION AND RESEARCH ETHICS
OBJECTIVES
1。 To acquaint students with the ethical issues surrounding research with human subjects。
2。 To consider the perspective of prospective investigators and the institutional review boards that are
designed to minimize or prevent harmful research procedures。
3。 To create a role…playing situation that vividly illustrates the review process for use of subjects in
research。
OVERVIEW
The same research procedures that can lead to helpful gains in knowledge may also represent a source of
danger to the individuals who serve as subjects。 The power of the researcher and of the scientific
establishment relative to that of their subjects has been balanced in recent years by the creation of
institutional review boards （IRBs）。 These peer review mittees have established evaluation procedures
that protect the welfare of human and animal subjects。 How does evaluation of the ethics of research
operate？ What is the process by which an individual investigator submits a research proposal to a
university IRB for its evaluation？ In this section we will：
1。 Begin by discussing instances of research with unacceptable risks and questionable ethics （see
Additional Resources）。
2。 Discuss the essential concepts of “at risk；” “invasion of privacy；” “deception；” “informed consent；”
“the gain/loss notion of relative ethics；” and the raising of consciousness about ethical
considerations。
3。 Briefly describe the review…evaluation procedure now required of prospective researchers in an
academic setting。
4。 Briefly describe the importance to society of promoting scientific progress and the career of the
individual researcher （in order to establish social and personal values that oppose “undesirable”
constraints）。
5。 Conduct the demonstrations on role…playing in which students take both sides in the institutional
evaluation of psychological research proposed by independent investigators。
GENERAL INTRODUCTION
Ethical questions often arise about the conduct of scientific research because it may intervene in the lives of
participants who are subject to its procedures…even if only for a short time。 Decisions made by investigators
solely based on scientific or pragmatic considerations may be harmful to research subjects。 The subjects are
usually not in a position to have advance knowledge of what will be done to them or to refuse exposure to
procedures unacceptable to them。 Much research takes place in institutional settings where there are strong
pressures on potential subjects to ply with authorities； such as in prisons； the military； factories；
summer camps； schools； and colleges。
Research involving human subjects raises ethical and legal issues of sufficiently serious and widespread
concern that a prehensive mechanism has been developed through which the judgments of researchers
are reviewed。 Under the National Research Act of 1974； institutions applying for funds must establish an
IRB to review research conducted by that institution。 Of course； many institutions and departments already
had established IRBs prior to this act； including most psychology departments； which supported “Human
Subject mittees；” to review psychological research。 The IRB’s goals； then； are to determine whether
subjects will be placed at risk； and； if so； whether the risks are outweighed by the benefits to the subject and
the importance of the knowledge being sought。 In addition； it is necessary to determine if the rights and
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welfare of the subjects are protected and if “legally effective informed consent” will be obtained by adequate
and appropriate means。
The purpose of the evaluation procedure is to protect the welfare of human subjects。 This includes
protection against undue or unnecessary invasion of privacy； disrespect for human dignity； and physical；
physiological； or social harm。
In this demonstration we want students to discuss research ethics by having them participate in several
role…playing scenarios in which experimenters defend their proposals before an IRB。 To give them good
material to work with； we have prepared proposals modified from several experiments that have proven
over the years to generate a fair amount of controversy。
PROCEDURE
Materials
Four research proposal summaries of relevant parts of psychological experiments。 Each of them includes
procedures that raise questions about its ethics。 The proposals are based on research by：
1。 Sherif and associates on intergroup conflict among children in a summer camp （not usually
described in the literature as ethically questionable）。
2。 Freedman and Fraser’s foot…in…the…door pliance field experiment。
3。 Sheridan and King