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unrest； and political upheaval。
Carkenord； D。 M。 & Bullington； J。 （1993）。 Bringing Cognitive Dissonance to the Classroom。 Teaching of
Psychology； 20（l）； 41…43。 Provides a sample handout for use during lectures on cognitive
dissonance； the handout enables students to see the areas of dissonance in their own lives。
Cialdini； R。 B。 （1988）。 Influence： Science and Practice； 2nd Ed。 Glenview； IL： Scott； Foresman。 A lively
account of theory and research in the area of social influence； contains many real…world
illustrations。
Cialdini； R。； & Trost； M。 （1998）。 Social Influence。 Social Norms； Conformity and pliance。 In The
Handbook of Social Psychology； Vol。 2； 4th Ed。； 151…192。 A prehensive review of research on
social norms； conformity； and pliance organized around three goals of behavior。 The
goals are to behave effectively； to build and maintain relationships and to manage self…
concept。
Deaux； K。； & Wrightsman； L。 （1988）。 Social Psychology； 5th Ed。 Pacific Grove； CA： Brooks/Cole。 A
basic text with wide coverage。 Research…oriented； with emphasis on applications of social
psychology。
Evans； R。 （1980）。 The Making of Social Psychology Discussions with Creative Contributors。 New York：
Gardner Press。 A collection of Evans’ discussions with nineteen significant contributors to the
field of social psychology； and is an excellent reference for both biographical and historical
material。
Festinger； L。 （1957）。 A Theory of Cognitive Dissonance。 Evanston； IL： Row； Peterson。 A classic text in
social psychology。 Explores the relationship between thoughts； feelings； and behavior； and
shows that inconsistent cognitions can lead to changes in attitudes and behavior。
Lewin； K。 （1951）。 Field Theory in Social Science： Selected Theoretical Papers。 Edited by Dorwin
Cartwright。 New York： Harpers。 A classic text by the founder of the discipline of social
psychology。
Reber； A。 S。 （1985）。 The Penguin Dictionary of Psychology。 London： The Penguin Group。 A concise；
cogent dictionary of even the most obscure psychological terms。
Rosenthal； R。； & Jacobson； L。 （1968）。 Pygmalion in the Classroom： Teacher Expectations and Intellectual
Development。 New York： Holt； Rinehart & Winston。 Classic study of the self…fulfilling
prophecy process and its application in the classroom。
Ross； L。； & Nisbett； R。 （1991）。 The Person and the Situation： Perspectives of Social Psychology。 New
York： McGraw…Hill。 An excellent summary and review of the field of social psychology by
two leading researchers。 Presents the plex and often contradictory findings of social
psychology in a manner easily understood by all。
Tesser； A。 （1995）。 Advanced Social Psychology。 New York： McGraw…Hill。 An excellent introduction
to the field of social psychology。 Individual chapters are written by leading researchers in
different areas of social psychology。
351
PSYCHOLOGY AND LIFE
352
CHAPTER 17： SOCIAL PROCESSES AND RELATIONSHIPS
DISCOVERING PSYCHOLOGY
PROGRAM 17： SEX AND GENDER
Overview
The ways in which males and females are similar and different； and how sex roles reflect
social values and psychological knowledge。
Key Issues
How sex hormones affect gender behavior in rats； how the environment affects gender roles；
reasons for self…segregation by gender among preschool children； artificial limits imposed on
female gender roles； relationship between gender roles and depression； and how gender
stereotypes in advertisements affect behavior。
Demonstrations
Sex differences in the play behavior of baby rats。
Self…segregation by gender in a preschool。
Archival Demonstrations
Socialization differences in gender appropriate behavior and dress。
Interviews
Developmental neuroscientist Michael Meaney studies why male rats are more apt to engage
in rough…and…tumble play； while female rats are consistently less aggressive and less
physical。
Eleanor Maccoby examines why children tend to socialize with other children of the same
sex。
Jean Block examines the differences in the socialization of male and female children and its
effects on their relationships with other children of the same and opposite sex。
PROGRAM 20： CONSTRUCTING SOCIAL REALITY
Overview
The factors that contribute to our interpretation of reality and how understanding the
psychological processes that govern our behavior may help us to bee more empathetic
and independent members of society。
Key Issues
Power of cognitive control； the Pygmalion effect； how teachers’ expectations affect children’s
test scores； the development of prejudice in a grammar school classroom； and the principle of
pliance as illustrated in television ads。
353
PSYCHOLOGY AND LIFE
Demonstrations
The self…fulfilling prophecy study； or the Pygmalion effect。
The principles of pliance illustrated with actual television advertisements。
Jane Elliot’s blue…eyed versus brown…eyed case study。
Students’ enhanced self…esteem and performance due to the jigsaw classroom。
New Interview
Steven Hassan looks at the ways cults use mind control methods to reshape people’s identity
and reconstruct the way they perceive reality。
Interviews
Grammar school teacher Jane Elliot divides her classroom into a superior blue…eyed group
and an inferior brown…eyed group to study the development and nature of prejudice。
Robert Rosenthal studies how teachers’ expectations can affect children’s test scores。
Elliot Aronson and Alex Gonzalez examine how cooperation rather than petition changes
the way students see themselves and their peers。
Robert Cialdini examines the principles of reciprocation； scarcity； authority； mitment；
liking； and consensus in marketing and advertising。
FILM AND VIDEOS
Candid Camera Classics for Social Psychology consists of 16 episodes that I selected； with Allen
Funt’s assistance； to dramatize many key social psychology topics； such as pliance；
conformity； obedience； social influence； authority； power； morality； and bias in field surveys。
Each of these creative gems is funny and entertaining； while teaching important messages about
human nature。 Since they vary in duration from 2 to 6 minutes； a given episode can be used to
launch a lecture as a thematic overview； to underscore a conclusion from a body of empirical
research； or to provide a source for opening a discussion of the behaviors that the class and the
instructor observed together。 The Candid Camera Classics e with an instructor’s guide （that I
prepared with Allen Funt） that will assist teachers in getting the most mileage from using them。
McGraw…Hill distributes this video （VHS） and a laser disk version。 For ordering information； call
1…800…338…3987。
Quiet Rage： The Stanford Prison Study is a 50…minute video of the experiment I conducted in
1971 （with Craig Haney and Curt Banks）； in which college students were randomly assigned to
play the roles of prisoners or guards in a mock prison。 This planned 2…week study had to be
terminated after only 6 days because of the pathology that emerged from participants ch