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/the tea contained in a box装在盒里的茶叶/ falling snow正在下的雪/fallen snow box落在地上的雪
（3）做表语时的不同。现在分词做表语表示主语所具有的特征，意思是“令人如何”。过去分词多表示主语所处的状态，意思是“感到如何”。例如：
His lecture is disappointing。I’m disappointed。他的演讲令人失望。我感到失望。
We are surprised to hear the news。The news is surprising。我们听到那消息吃了一惊。那消息令人吃惊。
The situation is encouraging。 We’re encouraged。形式使人鼓舞。我们感到鼓舞。
常用的还有：amusing/amused，astonishing/astonished，disappointing/disappointed，exciting/excited，frightening/frightened，interesting interested，moving/moved， relaxing/relaxed，satisfying/satisfied，shocking/shocked，surprising/surprised，terrifying/terrified，tiring/tired，worrying/worried等等。
（4）做状语的区别，分词短语在句中可做时间、原因、方式、伴随状语。现在分词的动作和谓语动作同时或几乎同时发生、意思是主动的。而过去分词的动作在谓语动作之前发生、意思是被动的。例如：
Seeing nobody at home，she decided to leave them a note。看到没人在家，她决定给他们留个条。（主动意义，几乎同时）
The secretary worked late into the night，preparing a speech for the president。秘书工作到晚上很晚，给总统准备一篇演说。（主动意义，同时）
Tired of the noise，he closed the window。对噪音感到厌烦，所以他把窗户关上。（被动意义，在谓语之前）
Deeply moved，she thanked me again and again。她深深地受了感动，再三谢我。（被动意义，在谓语之前）
Persuade by my mother，she gladly went there alone。在我母亲劝说下，她才高兴地独自去那里。（被动意义，在谓语之前）如果现在分词的动作在谓语动作之前发生，现在分词要用完成形式，但意思仍然是主动的。例如：
Having watered the vegetables，they began to pick up the Apples。=After they had watered the vegetables，they began to pick up the apples。他们浇完了蔬菜之后就开始摘苹果。
Having finished the work，he packed his tools and left。完工后，他收拾起工具走了。分词做状语时，前面可用连词或介词。例如：
After eating my dinner quickly，I went to see Jim off。我赶快吃过晚饭就去给吉姆送行。
Though built before the Second World War，the engine is still in good condition。尽管是在二战以前建的，这引擎仍然处于良好状态。
Unless paying by credit card，please pay in cash。如果不用信用卡付款，请用现金付。
Tom will never do this unless compelled。汤姆永远也不会干这种事，除非被逼无奈。
She’s been quite different since coming back from America。从美国回来后，她大变了。
（二）用法1．作定语。作定语的分词通常放在被修饰的名词之前。如果被修饰的词是something，anything，everything，nothing等，则分词放在这些词之后。分词短语通常放在被修饰的名词之后。例如：
This is an interesting book。（=This is a book。It is interesting。）这是一本有趣的书。
There is something interesting in the news。（=There is something in the news。 It is interesting。）消息中有些有趣的事。
The man sitting by the window is our math teacher。（=The man who is sitting by the window is our math teacher。）靠窗户坐着的那个人是我们的数学老师
The machine run by the old worker is made in Shanghai。（=The machine that is run by the old worker is made in Shanghai。）那位老工人开的机器是上海造的。
Most of students singing were girls。（=Most of the students who were singing…）唱歌的学生多数是女生。
Many of the villagers questioned refused to answer。（=Many of the villagers who were questioned…）被问的许多村里人都拒绝。
注意：（1）分词作定语与动名词作定语的区别：分词和它所修饰的名词有逻辑上的主、谓关系。动名词则没有这种关系，而表示它所修饰的词的用途或有关动作。
现在分词动名词A sleeping child（a child who is sleeping）正在睡觉的孩子A sleeping car（a car for sleeping）卧车A flying bird（a bird that is flying）飞鸟A flying course（a course for flying）飞行课程A swimming girl（a girl who is swimming）游泳的女孩A swimming pool（a pool for swimming）游泳池The running water（the water that is running）流水The running track（the track for running）跑道现在分词和它所修饰的名词都要重读，动名词所修饰的名词则不必重读。（2）现在分词作定语时，它表示动作正在进行或与谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生（或差不多同时发生）。例如：
Who is the boy dancing over there？在那儿跳舞的少年是谁呀？
The girls swimming in the sea were in danger。 在海里游泳的姑娘们有危险。如果两个动作在时间上有先后，一般不能用现在分词作定语，而往往用主从复合句结构。例如：
The man who has gone to Shanghai will be back again。到上海去的那个人会回来的。
The teacher wants to talk to the students who smashed the windows。老师要找打破了窗子的那个学生谈话。（3）be的现在分词being不能用作定语（可用作状语或被动语态中的助动词）。表示这种概念时，也用主从复合句结构。例如：
He has a brother who is a worker。他有一个当工人的兄弟。
2、作状语。分词和分词短语作状语时，可以表示时间、原因、行为方式等意义。表示时间和原因的分词短语相当于对应的状语从句。例如：
Seeing the teacher entering the room，the students stood up。（=When the students saw the teacher entering the room，They stood up。）学生们看见老师走进房间，都站了起来。 （时间）
Heated，the Metal expands。 （=The metal expands if /when it is heated。）金属受热而膨胀。（条件、时间）
Being excited，I couldn’t go to sleep。（=As I was excited ，I couldn’t go to sleep。）我兴奋得睡不着觉。（原因）
Being a student，he was interested in sports。（=As he was a student，he was interested in sports。）他是个学生，所以对体育运动感兴趣。（原因）
Inspired by Dr。Yang’s speech，Li Hua and his classmates decided to study physics harder。（=As they were inspired by Dr。Yang’s speech，Li Hua and his classmates decided to study physics harder。）李华和他的同学们受到杨博士讲话的鼓舞，决定更加努力学习物理。 （原因）
The children went away laughing。=The children went away。They laughed as they went。孩子们笑着走开了。（行为方式）
The professor stood there，surrounded by many students。（=The professor stood there。He was surrounded by many students。）教授站在那里，许多学生围着他。（行为方式）
While reading the newspaper，father nodded from time to time。（=While he was reading the newspaper，father nodded from time to time。）看报时，父亲不时地点头。（时间）（分词前，可加表示时间的连词while或when。）
3、作宾语补足语。例如：
Can you get the machine going again？你能使机器再动起来吗？
You should have your hair cut。你该理发了。
I saw him coming last night。我昨天晚上看见他来了。
4、作表语。例如：
The film is very moving。这部影片很感人。
Your homework is well done。你的作业做得好。
The visitors looked surprised。参观者看上去很惊讶。
The boys were seen walking on the grass。有人看见孩子们在草地上散步。
5、作句子独立成分（分词有自己的逻辑主语时，称为独立主格结构。）例如：
Flags flying，the army men marched in the streets。旗帜飘扬，军队在街上行进。
All his ribs broken，he lay half dead。他的肋骨全部折断，半死不活地躺着。分词（短语）作状语时，其逻辑主语必须与句子的主语一致。如果不一致，必须用独立主格结构来表示，也就是在分词前面加上它的逻辑主语。
My wife had a long talk with Sally； explaining why she didn’t want the children to play together我妻子与莎莉谈了很长时间，解释她为什么不想让孩子们在一起玩。（现在分词explaining是句子主语my wife做的动作，它们之间是主动关系）
Given more attention，the trees could have grown better。如果对这些树多关心一些，它们本�